密云水库底泥和库滨区土壤中氨氧化细菌的多样性和丰度

采用分子生物学方法（T-RFLP、定量PCR）研究了密云水库底泥沉积物和库滨带土壤中氨氧化细菌（AOB）的多样性和丰度特征,并使用Canoco for Windows 4.5软件和皮尔森相关系数法,探究了环境因子对AOB群落的影响.结果表明,沉积物和库滨区土壤中AOB的多样性和数量都存在较大的差异.其中,AOB群落被聚成两大类：沉积物与土壤.沉积物样品中AOB群落结构与其它样品差异较大.沉积物中AOB的多样指数最低,而在农田土壤中AOB多样性指数最高.农田土壤中的amoA基因拷贝数最大,是底泥沉积物中的48倍.此外,RDA（Redundancy Analysis）分析表明,在沉积物和水陆交错带土壤中,AOB的优势种与NH₄⁺-N、NO₃^--N、TOC、pH成正相关关系,而在陆相土壤和农田土壤中,AOB的优势种与这些环境因子成负相关关系.其中,TOC是影响AOB的群落结构的关键理化因子.     

沉积物中六氯苯对颤蚓(淡水单孔蚓)的毒性效应研究

以淡水底栖动物颤蚓(淡水单孔蚓)为受试生物,研究了沉积物中六氯苯(HCB)对淡水单孔蚓14 d和28 d的毒性效应.结果表明,沉积物中HCB对颤蚓致死效应较低,当HCB浓度为190 mg· kg-,连续暴露28 d时,致死率低于8％.但HCB对颤蚓具有较强的慢性毒性效应,当HCB浓度为190 mg·kg-1,连续暴露28 d时,身体自断率高达90％,并且随着浓度升高和暴露时间延长,颤蚓自断率明显增高.HCB对颤蚓自断14 d和28 d的EC50分别为＞190 mg·kg-1和97.1 mg· kg-1.HCB对颤蚓行为(运动和挖掘)产生明显抑制作用.随着HCB浓度增加和暴露时间延长,颤蚓运动强度减弱,并伴随摄食量减少与体重减轻现象.     

海河流域重污染河流表层沉积物氨基酸组成特征

为探明子牙河水系沉积物氮的主要形态,采用柱前衍生反相高效液相色谱-同位素内标法研究了表层沉积物中20种氨基酸的形态及组成特征.结果表明:子牙河水系沉积物中有机氮是氮的主要存在形态,沉积物有机氮(SON)平均浓度为3114 mg·kg^-1,总水解氨基酸氮(THAAs-N)占SON的45.53%;蛋白类氨基酸氮是THAAs-N的主体,占THAAs-N的90.24%,为沉积物潜在释放氮及矿化氮的主体;子牙河水系表层沉积物氨基酸以甘氨酸(Gly)、脯氨酸(Pro)摩尔含量最高,分别占THAAs的14.70%、10.00 %;根据官能团类型分类,蛋白类氨基酸为主要类别,占THAAs的89.50%;蛋白类氨基酸以中性氨基酸为主,平均含量为THAAs的40.69%;亚氨基酸及非蛋白类氨基酸的含量差异性从侧面反映出水系河流污染物来源;采用Glu/γ-Aba及DI指数判断有机质的降解程度,结果显示子牙河水系大部分区域沉积物有机质降解程度较低.     

沉积物中雌激素及壬基酚、辛基酚、双酚A的测定

近些年来雌激素及烷基酚类化合物由于其对水生生物的内分泌干扰作用越来越受到广泛关注.沉积物作为环境中有机污染物的重要储存库,研究目标物在其中的浓度分布对于探明此类物质在环境中的迁移转化具有重要意义.但沉积物中基质组成复杂而雌激素又痕量存在,这增加了前处理的难度.本研究从雌激素及烷基酚类化合物的理化性质入手,采用碱液提取、液液萃取和LC-MS/MS分析测定沉积物样品中的雌激素及壬基酚、辛基酚、双酚A.结果表明,经过优化的方法对7种目标物的回收率介于61.9%～93.7%之间.该方法能有效去除沉积物中那些不溶于强碱和既溶于酸又溶于碱的有机污染物,同时操作简单、成本低,但回收率高、检出限低,可广泛适用于河流沉积物样品及土壤样品的前处理.     

连环湖牙门气泡沉积物重金属演化和污染研究

2010年8月在牙门气泡的湖心位置采集了柱状沉积岩心.采用HNO3-HClO4-HF联合消解并运用ICP-MS测试了柱状沉积岩心中金属元素Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Fe、Pb、Zn、Cd、Al、Ba、Ca、K、Li、Mg、Na和Sr的含量,结合沉积岩心年代测定,研究了该湖区沉积物重金属元素演化特征及污染历史.应用富集系数法探讨了湖泊重金属的污染特征.结果表明,1950年以前各元素含量变化趋势平稳,1950～1990年间波动较大,1990年以后金属元素Mn、Zn、Cd、Pb、Fe、Ni、Cr、Cu、Ca、Li和Sr浓度明显增加.牙门气泡重金属元素Mn、Zn、Cd、Pb存在轻微污染,而Ni、Cr和Cu无污染.     

组合型生态浮床对上覆水和沉积物之间氮磷的影响

在天鹅湖水体中构建以水生植物和陆生喜水植物为实验植物,浮法控制器、水循环增氧系统和造浪-输送系统为辅助设备的组合型生态浮床.组合型生态浮床运行期间改变了水体的理化环境,影响了上覆水-沉积物中氮磷形态的迁移转化,跟踪监测在组合型生态浮床影响下上覆水和沉积物TN、NH4+-N和TP含量的浓度变化规律,探讨了在组合型生态浮床作用下,DO、Eh、pH对上覆水和沉积物中营养盐的影响,以及上覆水和沉积物中氮磷之间以及和各环境因子之间的相互关系.结果表明,实验期间上覆水中TN、NH4+-N和TP的去除率分别达到61.92%、63.09%和80.0%.沉积物中TN和NH4+-N的去除率分别达到23.79%和37.04%,沉积物中TP含量上升了43.71%.组合型生态浮床对上覆水环境因子如DO、Eh、pH等产生不同程度的影响,处理区上覆水中DO和Eh均高于对照区,DO由原来的8.7～8.9 mg·L-1上升到9.3～10.4 mg·L-1,Eh由原来的163～178 mV上升到191～198 mV,通过提高上覆水中DO和Eh有效抑制沉积物磷的释放并促进沉积物对上覆水中磷的吸附.pH的波动性较小,维持在7.51～8.32之间,并未促进沉积物磷释放.上覆水中TN、TP和NH4+-N以及与沉积物中的TN、NH4+-N之间呈极显著正相关,与沉积物中的TP极显著负相关;pH与上覆水和沉积物中的TN、TP和NH4+-N都无相关性;上覆水中的DO与Eh显著正相关,与沉积物中的TP显著负相关.     

Occurrence and distribution of hexabromocyclododecane in sediments from seven major river drainage basins in China

The concentrations and geographical distribution of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) were investigated in 37 composite surface sediments from seven major river drainage basins in China, including Yangtze River, Yellow River, Pearl River, Liaohe River, Haihe River, Tarim River and Ertix River. The detection frequency of HBCD was 54%, with the concentrations ranged from below limit of detection (LOD) to 206 ng/g dry weight. In general, the geographical distribution showed increasing trends from the upper reaches to the lower reaches of the rivers and from North China to Southeast China. Compared to other regions in the world, the average concentration of HBCD in sediments from Yangtze River drainage basin was at relatively high level, whereas those from other six river drainage basins were at lower or similar level. The highest HBCD concentration in sediment from Yangtze River Delta and the highest detection frequency of HBCD in Pearl River drainage basins suggested that the industrial and urban activities could evidently affect the HBCD distribution. HBCD diastereoisomer profiles showed that γ-HBCD dominated in most of the sediment samples, followed by α- and β-HBCD, which was consistent with those in the commercial HBCD mixtures. Further risk assessment reflected that the average inventories of HBCD were 18.3, 5.87, 3.92, 2.50, 1.77 ng/cm 2 in sediments from Pearl River, Haihe River, Tarim River, Yellow River and Yangtze River, respectively.     

Effects of physical and chemical characteristics of surface sediments in the formation of shallow lake algae-induced black bloom

Surface sediments are closely related to lake black blooms. The dissolved oxygen （DO） distribution and its penetration depth in surface sediments as well as the migration and transformation of redox sensitive elements such as Fe and S at the sediment-water interface are important factors that could influence the formation of the black bloom. In this study, dredged and undredged sediment cores with different surface properties were used to simulate black blooms in the laboratory. The Micro Profiling System was employed to explore features of the DO and ∑H2S distribution at the sediment-water interface. Physical and chemical characteristics in sediments and pore waters were also analyzed. The results showed that sediment dredging effectively suppressed the black blooms. In the undredged treatment, DO penetration depth was only 50 μm. Fe^2＋ concentrations, ∑H2S concentrations, and ∑H2S production rates were remarkably higher in surface sediments and pore waters compared to control and dredged treatments. Furthermore, depletion of DO and accumulation of Fe^2＋ and ∑H2S in surface sediments and pore waters provided favorable redox environments and necessary material sources for the blooms. The study results proved that physical and chemical characteristics in surface sediments are important factors in the formation of the black bloom, and could provide scientific guidance for emergency treatment and long-term pre-control of black blooms.     

Effect of sediment size on bioleaching of heavy metals from contaminated sediments of Izmir Inner Bay

The effect of sediment size on metals bioleaching from bay sediments was investigated by using fine (< 45 μm), medium (45-300 μm), and coarse (300-2000 μm) size fractions of a sediment sample contaminated with Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn. Chemical speciation of the metals in bulk and size fractions of sediment were studied before and after bioleaching. Microbial activity was provided with mixed cultures of Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans and Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans. The bioleaching process was carried out in flask experiments for 48 days, by using 5% (W/V) of solid concentration in suspension. Bioleaching was found to be efficient for the removal of selected heavy metals from every size fraction of sediments, where the experiments with the smaller particles resulted in the highest solubilization ratios. At the end of the experimental period, Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn were solubilized to the ratios of 68%, 88%, 72%, and 91% from the fine sediment, respectively. Higher removal efficiencies can be explained by the larger surface area provided by the smaller particles. The changes in the chemical forms of metals were determined and most of the metal releases were observed from the reducible and organic fractions independent from grain size. Higher concentrations were monitored in the residual fraction after bioleaching period, suggesting they are trapped in this fraction, and cannot be solubilized under natural conditions.     

Speciation of organic phosphorus in a sediment profile of Lake Taihu II. Molecular species and their depth attenuation

The understanding of organic phosphorus(P) dynamics in sediments requires information on their species at the molecular level,but such information in sediment profiles is scarce.A sediment profile was selected from a large eutrophic lake,Lake Taihu(China),and organic P species in the sediments were detected using solution phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy(31 P NMR) following extraction of the sediments with a mixture of 0.25 mol/L NaOH and 50 mmol/L EDTA(NaOH-EDTA) solution.The results showed that P in the NaOH-EDTA extracts was mainly composed of orthophosphate,orthophosphate monoesters,phospholipids,DNA,and pyrophosphate.Concentrations of the major organic P compound groups and pyrophosphate showed a decreasing trend with the increase of depth.Their half-life times varied from 3 to 27 years,following the order of orthophosphate monoesters > phospholipids DNA > pyrophosphate.Principal component analysis revealed that the detected organic P species had binding phases similar to those of humic acid-associated organic P(NaOH-NRP HA),a labile organic P pool that tends to transform to recalcitrant organic P pools as the early diagenetic processes proceed.This demonstrated that the depth attenuation of the organic P species could be partly attributed to their increasing immobilization by the sediment solids,while their degradation rates should be significantly lower than what were suggested in previous studies.